"Battle Between Iranians and Turanians", Folio from a Shahnama (Book of Kings)

Art Historical Context

This vibrant folio from a 16th-century Shahnama (Book of Kings) captures a dramatic clash between Iranian and Turanian warriors, central theme in the Persian epic poem by Ferdowsi. Created between 1562 and 1583 during the Safavid era, the manuscript reflects the enduring cultural importance of this literary masterpiece, which chronicles Iran’s mythical and historical past. The scene teems with mounted soldiers and dynamic combat, highlighting the epic’s themes of heroism, rivalry, and national identity. Executed in ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper by artists Muhammad al-Qivam al-Shirazi and Muhammad ibn Taj al-Din Haidar Muzahhib Shirazi, the work exemplifies the refined techniques of Persian manuscript painting. Delicate brushwork and luminous gold accents bring movement to the horses and figures, while the horizontal composition guides the viewer’s eye across the battle. Such codices were often commissioned for royal or elite patrons, serving both as literary treasures and displays of artistic patronage. As part of the Metropolitan Museum’s collection of Islamic art, this folio underscores the Shahnama’s role in preserving Persian storytelling traditions across centuries. Its detailed depiction of warfare offers viewers a window into the visual language of Safavid-era workshops in Shiraz.

About the Artist

Muhammad al-Qivam al-Shirazi|Muhammad ibn Taj al-Din Haidar Muzahhib Shirazi (Iranian|Iranian) · 1535 |1535 –1585 |1605

Iranian, active ca. 1560s|Iranian, active 1560s–80s